Physical or digital manipulatives: which ones help the most in teaching mathematics?

Teaching mathematics can be a breeze... if you use the right tools! A Spanish study compared the use of physical objects, like base-ten blocks and fraction circles, with digital apps such as GeoGebra and Polypad. The results? Both enhance engagement and understanding, but there are challenges to overcome, like digital access. Experts propose a model to simulate these tools in digital environments, making teaching more accessible and interactive. A step forward for the future of mathematics!

The study used a design-based research (DBR) methodology to explore how tangible and digital tools influence problem-solving, conceptual understanding, engagement, and instructional reasoning in preservice teachers. Data were collected through surveys, semi-structured interviews, and classroom observations. The results showed that both types of manipulatives significantly enhance engagement and conceptual clarity. However, the use of digital tools is affected by logistical and access barriers. The proposed model integrates constructivist learning theory, the TELE framework, and simulation-based pedagogy, aiming to replicate the cognitive, affective, and collaborative affordances of manipulatives in virtual contexts.